Erroneus Assumptions in The Trial and Death of Socrates Essay -- Philo

Erroneus Assumptions in The Trial and Death of Socrates In Plato's Crito, Socrates explains to his old friend Crito his reasons for refusing an offer to help him escape execution. One of the tools Socrates uses to convince Crito of the righteousness of his decision is a hypothetical argument concerning the state and laws of Athens. Central to this argument is the congeniality that Socrates had always found in Athens, reflected by the fact that Socrates chose to remain in Athens for most of his life. Such a choice, the laws insist, implies a tacit agreement between Socrates and the state of Athens, stipulating that Socrates either obey the laws or, when he deems the laws unjust, persuade the city to act in a more suitable fashion. It is this "just agreement" that prohibits Socrates from fleeing Athens to avoid execution. Socrates proves to Crito's satisfaction that to break this agreement would be to do wrong to the city of Athens, and as such it cannot be seriously considered. As he discusses his situation with Crito, Socrates refutes some of Crito's basic assumptions. Curiously, however, Socrates does not examine his own assumptions; he never once asks if his agreement with Athens is "just." He correctly assumes that Athens' congeniality to him obligates him to follow the tenets of the agreement, but he does not ask if Athens feels similarly obligated. This question is central, for if Athens fails to uphold its part of the agreement the agreement cannot be just and Socrates is freed from any duty to it. I will argue that Socrates' own reasoning, particularly that used in Crito and Euthyphro, will prove that it is not only not wrong to break the agreement, but also that it is wrong to abide by an unjust agreement, such as... ...nywhere in the text of the Crito or the Euthyphro, unlike most of the other claims, which were derived from actual arguments in one of these Socratic dialogues. Whether or not the agreement is rendered unjust by Athens actions is clearly a debatable point, which affects the rest of the argument. There does not seem to be a way to prove undoubtedly that the agreement itself is made unjust if one of the parties unjustly refuses to acknowledge its obligations. Theoretically, the agreement is still sound, but this argument rests on the idea that, in practice, the agreement can never be more than what the parties make it. Although far from incontrovertible, the claim that the agreement is unjust can at least be reasonably defended against criticism. And if the above argument is correct, Socrates died for the sake of the unjust action of adhering to an impious agreement.

Comparative Study of Personal Financial Planning Essay

It is generally seen that people have a misconception that financial planning is about saving more and spending less but that is not the case, it is more about saving the right amount so that future goals can be met. The objective of financial planning is * To ensure that the right amount of money is available in right hands at right point of time in the future to achieve the desired goals and objectives. It * Provides direction and meaning to your financial decisions. * It allows you to understand how each financial decision you make affects other areas of your finances. Financial planning and investments can be undertaken by anyone with a clear assessment of one’s inflow of funds and the goals that need to be achieved from time to time. Keywords: Financial planning, wealth management, investment instruments, real estate Introduction Financial planning is achieving your financial goals in the most efficient manner. The broad areas of financial planning include Investment plan ning  -Your wealth will only grow over time if you have invested it in assets. Investment planning  deals with the kind of investments an individual should invest in to get the best out of his wealth. In this the risk and return profiling of an individual is done based on his life stage, spending requirements with respect to his income and wealth, time horizon and liquidity requirements and various individual specific constraints. Investment Planning is important because it helps you to derive the maximum benefit from your investments. | Cash flow planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ In simple terms, cash flow refers to the inflow and outflow of money. It is a record of your income and expenses. Though this sounds simple, very few people actually take time out to find out what comes in and what goes out of their hands each month. Cash flow planning refers to the process of identifying the major expenditures in future (both short-term and long-term) and making planned investments so that the required amount is accumulated within the required time frame. Cash flow planning is the first thing that should be done prior to starting an investment exercise, because only then will you be in a position to know how your finances look like, and what is it that you can invest without causing a strain on yourself. It will also enable you to understand if a particular investment matches with your flow requirement| | | 3. Retirement planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Retirement planning means making sure you will have enough money to live on after retiring from work. Retirement should be the best period of your life, when you can literally sit back and relax or enjoy your life by reaping benefits of what you earn in so many years of hard work. But it is easier said than done. To achieve a hassle-free retired life, you need to make pruden t investment decisions during your working life, thus putting your hard-earned money to work for you in future. Planning for retirement is as important as planning your career and marriage. Life takes its own course and from the poorest to the wealthiest, no one gets spared. We get older every day, without realizing. However, we assume that old age is never going to touch us. The future depends to a great extent on the choices you make today. Right decisions with the help of proper financial planning, taken at the right time will assure smile and success at the time of retirement. Retirement Planning acquires added importance because of the fact that though longevity has increased, the number of working years haven’t.Tax planning  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Tax evasion is illegal but tax minimization is legal. Thus you can reduce your tax liability by planning effectively. With proper tax planning you can increase your after tax income. |   | 5. | Children future planning- It is essential to plan for the future of your children. The purpose of Children’s Future Planning is to create a corpus for foreseeable expenditures such as those on higher education and wedding and to provide for an adequate security cover during their growing years. Savings alone is no longer enough.

The Present-Day Discussion Surrounding Abortion Has Been

The present-day discussion surrounding abortion has been framed, in most instances, as an issue of morality and the preservation of life. Opponents of abortion, often using religion to bolster their claims, assert that abortion is akin to infanticide and that it is not permissible, while those who support it argue that women should be given the autonomy to choose what should be done with their own bodies. This was not, however, always the case, and although religion undoubtedly plays a role in the shaping of the idea of abortion and contraception as a morally objectionable act, there are other less obvious factors at work; creating a role for women’s bodies and dictating the ways in which they can and cannot use them. The role of†¦show more content†¦Such a heavy-handed promulgation of such an idea had several consequences. Firstly, it acted as an affirmation to some that contraception and abortion were indeed morally wrong and contrary to the way that â€Å"properâ €  American women should act, the President openly chastising the practice held clout with the American people and strengthened the stigma that had prevented many women from previously sought these measures from attempting to do so (Ellison, 2003). Secondly, it galvanized many feminists to argue for the reproductive rights of women in the public sphere for the first time (Gordon, 1974). Many of these feminists, who were generally middle-class women, argued that it was up to the women to decide whether it was necessary to postpone or forgo childbirth to pursue other opportunities, such as employment or an education, that would not be feasible after accepting the role of motherhood. Roosevelt, by demanding procreation of these women, thereby denied them access to these opportunities and attempted to make their bodies vehicles of the state, reducing them to merely carriers of the next Protestant generation without allowing them autonomy in choice of lifestyle. The last consequence o f Roosevelt’s ideology on race suicide and the importance of protecting the Yankee bloodline, was that itShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Legal?940 Words   |  4 Pageshear the word â€Å"abortion,† the thought of a baby being killed instantly flashes and conquers your thought and mind. Abortion has been a controversial topic, roaring for discussions and debates for the past four decades. You may be wondering if people are for it or against it. I’m personally against it; I considered myself pro-life. Today, I will be discussing the topic of abortion. The questions that I hope to answer within my paper are how was abortion made legal? 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